This section is devoted to the information that will be useful in the creation of a Kin's Domains.
The Motor-Cognitive Connection: Early Fine Motor Skills as an Indicator of Future Success
by Bill Jenkins, Ph.D
We generally don't consider the development of manual dexterity like hand-eye coordination in babies to be an essential element of cognitive development. In fact, the scientific terminology itself – "motor skills" for movement and "cognitive skills" for mental processing – draws a clear and definite separation between these two types of functions.
As it turns out, such thinking may be holding us back from innovations in education that might truly be able to make a difference for a great many young learners.
Recent research has demonstrated a clear connection between the development of fine motor skills in early life and later success in math, science and reading. Such skills – those as simple as how an infant can use her eyes to track her mother's face and then reach her hand out and touch her mother's nose – may just help us understand how ready that child will be for kindergarten, as well as what kind of achiever she'll be over the next few years.
The Motor-Cognition Connection
To arrive at such a conclusion, we first need to understand the connection between the motor and cognitive centers of the brain. Through neuroimaging and neuroanatomical analysis, Adele Diamond (2000) uncovered "significant evidence" for a number of motor-cognition links in the brain. Prior to such analysis, these abilities were attributed to separate areas of the brain: motor skills were centered in the cerebellum and basal ganglia, and cognition in the prefrontal cortex. But Diamond's research showed that both could be activated during certain motor or cognitive tasks. Further research also showed that "individuals with brain damage to either the primary motor or primary cognitive areas often show impairment in both skill areas."
In fact, Karen Adolph (2005, 2008; Adolph & Berger, 2006) suggested that a complex relationship exists between cognitive and motor skills development in infants. Since infants are learning to process a complex and changing world at the same time that they are learning gross and fine motor skills, they are in a state of constant adaptation. Their bodies are changing simultaneously as the world around them is presenting new information. Thus, their physical existence in the world – and their movement through it – is one that requires constant cognitive problem solving. In short, infants spend the vast majority of their existence, when they are not sleeping, learning how to learn.
Motor Skills as a Predictor
Talk about factors that predict future achievement in reading, math and science most often includes discussions of early math skills, early reading skills, social skills, attention skills, and attention-related measures like curiosity, interest and a desire to learn. Note that none of the aforementioned abilities has a motor physical component.
Yet, from the motor-cognition connection, researchers like David Grissmer, Sophie Aiyer, William Murrah, Kevin Grimm and Joel Steele (2010) have brought the issue of motor skills development to the fore. They went back and analyzed data from six data sets, and found that, indeed, fine motor skills were a strong predictor of later achievement. In fact, they conclude that taken together, "attention, fine motor skills and general knowledge are much stronger overall predictors of later math, reading and science scores than early math and reading scores alone."
Toward Better Interventions
According to this team of researchers (Grissimer, et al, 2010), "There are few interventions directly testing whether strengthening early attention, fine motor skills, or knowledge of the world would improve later math and reading achievement." That said, some facts are quite clear:
- There is a clear connection in the circuitry of the brain between areas controlling fine motor skills and areas controlling cognition.
- These areas are developing simultaneously, with exceptional speed during early brain development.
- Motor skills are a proven indicator of future math and reading success.
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Ultimately, with that understanding in hand, we clearly have a research opportunity to more comprehensively pursue an understanding of these connections. Findings from such research could put us in a position to create more novel, more effective interventions that strategically integrate motor and cognitive skill building, and continue to hone how we help our youngest learners prepare for future success.
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Fine motor games with toddlers
Music Matters: How Music Education helps Students Learn, Achieve, and Succeed
by Penny Simkin
Beyond the intrinsic value of music
to cultures worldwide, education in
music has benefits for young people
that transcend the musical domain. The Arts
Education Partnership (AEP) reviewed an
extensive body of research to identify high-
quality, evidence-based studies that document
student learning outcomes associated with an
education in and through music. The results
show conclusively that music education equips
students with the foundational abilities to learn,
to achieve in other core academic subjects, and
to develop the capacities, skills and knowledge
essential for lifelong success.
Music education prepares students to learn.
Music education readies students for learning by helping to develop their basic mental skills and
capacities. Music instruction impacts learning in the following ways:
1. Enhances fine motor skills.
Motor function is the
ability to use small, acute muscle movements to
write, use a computer, and perform other physical
activities essential for classroom learning. The parts
of the brain associated with sensory and motor
function are developed through music instruction,
and musically trained children have better motor
function than non-musically trained children
(Forgeard, 2008; Hyde, 2009; Schlaug et al., 2005).
2. Prepares the brain for achievement.
Complex math processes are more accessible to students
who have studied music because the same parts of
the brain used in processing math are strengthened
through practice in music. For example, students
who take music in middle school score significantly
higher on algebra assessments in ninth grade than
their non-music counterparts, as their
brains are already accustomed
to performing the processes
used in complex math
(Helmrich, 2010).
3. Fosters superior working memory.
Working memory is the ability to mentally hold, control and
manipulate information in order to complete higher-
order tasks, such as reasoning and problem solving.
Musicians are found to have superior working
memory compared to non-musicians. Musicians are
better able to sustain mental control during memory
and recall tasks, most likely as a result of their long-
term musical training (Berti et al., 2006; Pallesen et
al., 2010).
4. Cultivates better thinking skills.
Thinking skills such
as abstract reasoning are integral to students' ability
to apply knowledge and visualize solutions. Studies
have shown that young children who
take keyboard lessons have greater
abstract reasoning abilities than
their peers, and these abilities
improve over time with
sustained training in music
(Rauscher, 2000).
Music education facilitates student academic achievement.
Not only do students who study music develop musical abilities, they receive benefits that extend
to other academic areas, leading to overall scholastic success. Music education benefits student
achievement in the following ways:
1. Improves recall and retention of verbal information.
Musical training develops the region of the brain
responsible for verbal memory—the recall and
retention of spoken words—which serves as a
foundation for retaining information in all academic
subjects. Music students who were tested for
verbal memory showed a superior recall for words
as compared to non-music students (Ho et al.,
1998; 2003).
2. Advances math achievement.
Students who study music outperform their non-music peers in
assessments of math, and the advantage that music
provides increases over time. These findings hold true
regardless of socio-economic status and race/ethnicity
(Baker, 2011; Catterall, 1998). Additionally, students
involved in instrumental music do better in algebra, a
gateway for later achievement (Helmrich, 2010; U.S.
National Mathematics Advisory Panel, 2008).
3. Boosts reading and English language arts
(ELA) skills.
Students who study music surpass non-music students in assessments of writing, using
information resources, reading and responding, and
proofreading. The gains in achievement of music
students compared to non-music students increase
over time (Baker, 2011; Catterall, 1998).
4. Increases average SAT scores.
The SAT is a
standardized test designed to measure "readiness
for college." An analysis of 10 years of SAT data
revealed that students who took four years of arts
courses in high school earned the highest scores on
both the verbal and math SAT, but overall, students
taking any arts courses scored significantly higher
than students who took no arts courses (Vaughn et
al., 2000). Of these students, those who took music
courses earned the highest math and second highest
verbal SAT scores (College Board, 2010).
Music education develops the creative capacities for lifelong success.
Engagement, persistence, and creativity are components of higher-level thinking and complex problem
solving (Costa & Kallick, 2000). Music education nurtures these habits of mind that are essential for
success in today's global, knowledge-based economy in the following ways:
1. Sharpens student attentiveness.
The ability to
pay attention—visual focus, active listening and
staying on task—is essential to school performance.
It begins to develop early in life and is continuously
refined. Early childhood training in instrumental
music improves these attention abilities, while
continued music education throughout adolescence
reinforces and strengthens them (Neville et al.,
2008). Attentiveness is an essential building block of
engagement, a competency necessary for success in
school and the workforce.
2. Strengthens perseverance.
Perseverance is the
ability to continue towards a goal when presented
with obstacles. It is developed and strengthened
through music education. Students involved in music
lessons surpass their peers on tasks measuring
perseverance. At the foundation of perseverance are
motivation, commitment and persistence, all traits of
creative individuals (Scott, 1992).
3. Equips students to be creative.
Employers identify
creativity as one of the top five skills important
for success in the workforce (Lichtenberg, Woock,
& Wright, 2008). Music education helps develop
originality and flexibility, which are key components
of creativity and innovation. Graduates from
music programs report that creativity, teamwork,
communication, and critical thinking are skills and
competencies necessary in their work, regardless of
whether they are working in music or in other fields
(Craft, 2001; SNAAP, 2011).
4. Supports better study habits and self-esteem.
A study of music majors found that they felt more
prepared for success in college than non-music
majors. This readiness may be due to the music
majors' discipline and focus developed via intense
practice and performance routines prior to college.
These habits are typical of music students and may
generalize to other academic areas and social/
emotional aspects of life, contributing to higher self-
esteem and success (Chesky et al., 1997).
Taken together, the studies in these three areas not only
fortify one another but provide evidence of a
continuum of
success.
Early and sustained educational experiences in music
deliver multiple, reinforcing, and cumulative impacts that help
prepare young people to learn, achieve, and succeed.
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This Everyday "Healthy" Beverage Poisons Your Body One Swallow at a Time
by Dr. Mercola
You've probably heard a lot about bottled water. That it's healthier for you than tap water, that it can replace your vitamins, that it's really only tap water and how environmentally unfriendly it is.
With this type of conflicting information about water, it's easy to get confused. Let's see if we can help you cut through the clutter and lead you down the path to healthier water consumption.
Environmental Impact
There's no sense in sugar-coating it. Bottled water is destructive to the environment. It is a fact that 67 million water bottles are thrown away each day.
That's a staggering amount of waste considering only 10 percent of these water bottles are ever recycled. Despite the good reputation recycling has, this practice is not always best for the ecosystem as it is labor-intensive, costly and burns natural resources. Also, just because you are throwing your used water bottles into the recycling bin, it does not necessarily mean they are able to be recycled.
Another problem with bottled water is the incredible amount of fuel needed to transport these heavy loads of plastic (and sometimes glass) bottles to your local supermarket, home or office.
Where Your Bottled Water REALLY Comes From
About 40 percent of bottled water is nothing more than bottled tap water! So not only might you still be drinking all the chemicals you were trying to avoid in the first place, you may be exposing yourself to even MORE chemicals by drinking from plastic bottles...
The Dangers of Plastic
Drinking water from a plastic water bottle poses serious health risks to you and your family. Let's take a look at some of these dangers to give you a better idea of why bottled water is not the healthy choice you've been led to believe it is.
Plastic would obviously be an issue for most bottled waters but it also comes into play for home or commercially filtered waters, or even raw spring water in that you need a container to store your water before you consume it. Obviously the best container is glass because when you choose plastic you are potentially exposed to the following chemicals.
BPA – Bisphenol A or BPA is an estrogen-mimicking chemical that has been linked to a host of serious health problems including:
- Learning and behavioral problems
- Altered immune system function
- Early puberty in girls and fertility problems
- Decreased sperm count
- Prostate and breast cancer
- Diabetes and obesity
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If you are pregnant or nursing, your child is also at risk. If you are feeding your baby or toddler from a plastic bottle, switch to glass to avoid BPA contamination.
Phthalates -- Phthalates are widely used in the United States to make plastics like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) more flexible.
Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that have been linked to a wide range of developmental and reproductive effects, including:
- Reduced sperm counts
- Testicular atrophy or structural abnormality
- Liver cancer
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Further, in experiments on rats, phthalates have demonstrably blocked the action of fetal androgens, which affects gender development in male offspring, leading to undescended testes at birth and testicular tumors later in life.
Studies have also found that boys whose mothers had high phthalate exposures while pregnant were much more likely to have certain demasculinized traits and produce less testosterone.
Yet another study found that pregnant women who are exposed to phthalates gave birth more than one week earlier than women who were not exposed to them.
Pharmacy in a Bottle -- As mentioned above, about 40 percent of bottled water is tap water. This means you are not only exposed to dangerous BPA from the bottle, you may also be exposed to a variety of water contaminants such as fluoride, chlorine, arsenic, aluminum, disinfection byproducts and prescription drugs.
Although you may have been told that disposing your unused prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in the garbage instead of down the toilet means this eliminates the threat of your water supply being contaminated, this is simply not true. Water that drains through landfills, known as leach rate, eventually ends up in rivers. Although not all states source drinking water from rivers, many do.
According to studies, human cells do not grow normally when exposed to even minute amounts of prescription or over-the-counter drugs.
Some drugs that were never meant to be combined are mixed together in the drinking water you consume every day. Millions of people have drug allergies. Are you one of them? If so, how do you know the unusual symptoms you've been exhibiting are not due to ingesting small doses of the drugs you're allergic to from your bottled water?
Ticking Time Bomb
Though drinking bottled water directly from a store shelf poses serious health risks, leaving this bottled water in your car or strapped to your bike and exposed to the hot sun will cause even more serious chemical exposure. Ultraviolet rays from the sun or high temperatures will accelerate leaching of the plastic chemicals mentioned above into the water.
Adding to this health threat is a toxic substance called dioxin, which is also released into bottled water when it is left in the sun. Dioxin has been strongly linked to the development of breast cancer.
Health-conscious people like to transport filtered water from home to ensure a safe supply on the go. If you're one of these individuals, using a glass or steel bottle instead will bypass the risks associated with carrying filtered water in plastic.
"Vitamin Water" – As Unhealthy as Soda
One of the biggest scams soda manufacturers have come up with is, "vitamin water". The marketers for this cleverly disguised "health drink" take advantage of your growing interest in health and try to make you believe it can measure up to the vitamins and minerals in food. It can't even come close.
In truth, vitamin water is one of the worst types of bottled water you can drink!
Most vitamin waters contain health-harming additives such as high fructose corn syrup, which is a primary cause of obesity and diabetes, and food dyes that can wreak havoc on your physical and emotional health.
Don't be fooled. Skip the vitamin water.
Do Not Deliver
For years, you may have enjoyed the ease and convenience of having bottled water delivered straight to your door. The idea of being able to avoid the dangerous chemicals in tap water by having your very own water cooler full of fresh, mountain spring water to drink from may have seemed to good to be true.
Turns out, it was. Home water delivery is not an environmentally-friendly way to get the water you need.The plastic bottles they come in pose health risks that are less significant than the pint or quart water bottles as they have denser plastic and they typically are reused many times, unlike the smaller bottles.
Although some water home delivery companies will ship their water in glass, you still have no real idea where your water is coming from. Also, the load is that much heavier and requires that much more fuel to transport and heavy glass bottles can be difficult to manage and have been known to break and cut seriously injure or even kill people.
The Truth about Fluoride
Tap water, and bottled water that originates from tap water, is loaded with fluoride. Though you may have been lead to believe this substance to be vital to the dental health of you and your family, this is simply not the case. Unfortunately, the belief that fluoride prevents cavities is a common misconception. In fact, the exact opposite is true.
As this recent study done on children in India shows, fluoride is anything but a cavity fighter. Fluoride is a toxin that actually leads to an increased risk of cavities and can cause a wide range of health problems, including weakening your immune system and accelerating aging due to cellular damage.
One study, published in the September 2001 issue of International Journal of Pediatric Dentistry, found that South African children who drank water containing high levels of natural fluoride (3 ppm), had more tooth decay than children in other parts of South Africa who drank much lower concentrations (between 0.19 to 0.48 ppm). And fluoride-saturated American teenagers had twice the rate of cavities as the South African children drinking low levels of natural fluoride!
A new study in the Journal of the American Dental Association, published in October of last year, also found that, contrary to what most people have been told, fluoride is actually bad for teeth.The study found that fluoride intake during a child's first few years of life is significantly associated with fluorosis, and warned against using fluoridated water in infant formula.
In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has updated the information on their website, stating:
"Recent evidence suggests that mixing powdered or liquid infant formula concentrate with fluoridated water on a regular basis may increase the chance of a child developing ... enamel fluorosis." "In children younger than 8 years of age, combined fluoride exposure from all sources—water, food, toothpaste, mouth rinse, or other products—contributes to enamel fluorosis."
More importantly however, on January 7, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that they will take another look at the standards and guidelines for fluoride in drinking water due to the increase in dental fluorosis.
This is the first time in 50 years that the federal government has recommended changing the amount of fluoride added to public water supplies. They're now proposing the recommended amount of fluoride in drinking water be reduced to 0.7 milligrams per liter of water. The recommended range has been 0.7 to 1.2 mg/L, so for many communities this new level will equate to a fluoride reduction of nearly 50 percent! The EPA is also initiating a review of the maximum amount of fluoride allowed. Depending on their findings, the maximum amount of fluoride allowed may also be revised. This is at least a step in the right direction!
However, this is likely not the last you'll hear on this issue. According to a recent press release by The Fluoride Action Network, "Fluoridegate" is fast approaching as it's becoming clear that dental fluorosis is "just the tip of the iceberg." The press release states:
"A series of disclosures are surfacing about the actions of water fluoridation promoters that point to a likely tsunami of Fluoridegate investigations, hearings, and explosive courtroom entanglements. Tennessee state legislator Frank Niceley states, "There is a real Fluoridegate scandal here. Citizens haven't been told about harm from fluorides, and this needs to be investigated by the authorities and the media."
Washington D.C. toxic tort attorney Chris Nidel says, "I think when we look back we'll ask why Fluoridegate didn't surface earlier. There are serious concerns about possible conflict of interest and heavy editing of information being fed to the public about fluoride risks and impacts."
Your Optimal Water Choices
Your most convenient solution is to filter your own tap water. African women spend five hours per day, on average, seeking out water and carrying it back to their villages. If you're like most modern Americans, you have indoor plumbing in your home. So, why are you purchasing and transporting bottled water from your supermarket?
The most economical and environmentally sound choice you and your family can make is to purchase and install a water filter for your home. Alternatively, you can look around for sources of mountain spring water, which is about as close to ideal as you can get.
There's a great website called FindaSpring.com where you can find a natural spring in your area. This is also a great way to get back to nature and teach your children about health and the sources of clean water. The best part is that most of these spring water sources are free!
Final Thoughts
Your body is made up of 80 percent water and you can only live a few days without this precious, life-giving substance. Most of you are dehydrated and not even aware of your body's many cries for water. But the quality, and hence the source of your water is vitally important for maintaining optimal health. To learn even more about water, please visit my water index page for links to more articles on this important topic.
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Distilled Water vs. Filtered Water vs Bottled - The Journey of Water
Alkaline Water Benefits
The pH level of all water varies dependent on the source for that water. Experts state that natural water from a spring typically has a pH that is acidic. Those that are advocates of alkaline water believe that drinking water that is alkaline will help neutralize acid in the bloodstream, leading to increased oxygen levels as well as increased energy and metabolism. However, clinical research has not been able to validate these benefits.
Claims of Alkaline Water Benefits
1. Antioxidant Properties
Water that is alkaline has antioxidant properties that help by counteracting free radicals. These free radicals can cause pre-mature aging and other types of conditions. The antioxidants are in liquid form which allows for quicker absorption into the system. So these benefits are significantly clear since alkaline water has anti-aging and anti-diseases properties. It is also believed that in this water for drinking there are certain elements that will aid in developing cancer resistance.
2. Cleansing Features
Other benefits of alkaline water are that it will help to cleanse the organs; particularly the colon. As this unclean buildup in the colon continues, it eventually becomes poisonous and in some cases lethal. Using alkaline water is safe and will easily remove this fecal material. It will remove build up that is weeks or even years old and this leads to a more thorough and effective process of elimination. This helps decrease the recurrence of constipation and other unhealthy issues. As you drink it regularly (daily) and keep the system cleansed and in good working order you will become less susceptible to stomach viruses, flu's, colds, and other illnesses that are fairly common.
3. Physical Appearance Benefits
Along with the body cleansing of the inner systems, water that is alkaline also rejuvenates the skin and keeps it hydrated. It aids the skin in replacing tissues and as well contributes to its elasticity and the overall health of the skin. It will also help with detoxifying the skin and causing it to look smoother and leading to fewer breakouts. When the balance in pH is kept in check by eating good food, nutrients can be more readily absorbed by the skin. This contributes to a younger more youthful look. Water that is alkaline aids in your goals for weight loss by the breakdown of fatty essentials in food. It can also be seen and used as a natural suppressant of appetite since it has no calories yet is able to leave you satisfied and refreshed. All of these physical improvements combined will make you feel revitalized and younger.
4. Other Health Benefits
Other features of water are that it also lubricates muscles and joint to help with stopping injuries. This helps those who are prone to sprains or who may suffer from arthritis. As well dehydration can harm organs such as the heart to work harder. Clean organs do not have to work as much when they are clean nor expend the energy to maintain functioning.
Scientific Facts about Alkaline Water
1. What is PH?
Within chemistry, pH is the measure of the acidity or basicity of any aqueous solution. Solutions that have a pH less than 7 are referred to as acidic and solutions having a pH greater than 7 are alkaline. Pure water has a pH that is close to 7.
2. Science Behind Alkaline Water
Since alkaline water has a pH level that is higher than tap water, there are plenty of proponents who make the claims you have read in this article. However this is not the opinion of the physicians and researchers. They have not been able to verify or reproduce any of these claims in the lab or other medical setting.
Some studies do make the suggestion that alkaline water can help slow bone loss but further research is needed to decide if this has any influence overall on bone mineral density and if the benefit can be maintained over the long term.
3. Cautions of Drinking Alkaline Water
There's also the issue of water pH – acidic water versus alkaline water. There are a lot of amazing health assertions about alkaline water, but are they really true? Most of them aren't. It is best to drink water that is between 6.5 and 8 pH levels. As for being harmful to drink alkaline water over the long run all we do know is that it has been shown to be harmful to plants and animals.
In the case of alkaline water that is naturally there is no problem in drinking up to 2 liters a day. Since the alkalinity is a result of naturally minerals such as magnesium and calcium, the body is capable of using these minerals if needs and discarding or storing any excess. You will not become too alkaline by drinking alkaline water that is naturally.
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Electronic gadgets and its effect on the eye
by Seema Verma
Gadgets are the new age mantra. Americans have become gizmo freaks. Hi- tech gadgets are blooming by the dozens as companies compete against each other to catch the eyes of time pinched customers or gadget freaks. There are a lot of individuals who use their gadgets to make work live easier while there are many people who use them for fun. Though the gadget and devices may make life easier, but they can be harmful to our bodies.
The modern day electronic gadget like laptops, mobile phones, hand held computer games, TV etc directly affect the vision. Reading a books or a newspaper is better than reading from the electronic devices because print materials are typically high in contrast while the electronic screen content deals with lower contrast and hence requires more optical focus and more strain to the eye.
Dr Kalpesh Shah, well known Ophthalmologist from Kohinoor hospital says, "Electronic gadgets have ultra violet rays which are harmful to the eyes. Working continuously on electronic gadgets can lead to a variety of vision ailments like eye strain, redness, blurred vision, dry and irritated eyes etc." Vision problems are generally caused due to improper viewing habits, improper workstation set up, dirty screens, improper viewing angles etc.
Video games
Children play hand held video games for long duration of time without giving their eyes a break. Straining the eyes continuously on the small screen of the video games for a longer duration of time can result in trouble with focusing on objects at different distances and eye irritation.
Dr Kalpesh Shah suggests "It is important to monitor the duration for playing games. Video games should be played only for a shorter duration of time to prevent eye problems in the future."
Television
Television is an entertainment electronic device that is seen in most houses. Electronic market is flooded with a galore of televisions options like 3D, LCD, Plasma Display Panels (PDP) etc. Watching Television is a favorite pastime with many individuals but they do not know that it comes with several health risks. Dr Kalpesh Shah says, "Watching TV for a longer duration can cause dry eyes or tired eyes."
Laptops and Computers
Working on the computer and laptops has changed the nature of the work over the past 3 decades. Most individuals spend time staring at the computer screen large and small. Even kids spend more time playing games on the computer screen than playing outdoor games like cricket or football.
Dr Kalpesh Shah says "Most individuals do not blink their eyes while working on the computer, working for long hours continuously evaporates the tear drops ,hence, focusing the eyes on the computer screen for longer duration of time can cause dryness in the eyes."
Mobile phone
The modern generation youth are using cell phones for text messaging, watching movies, browsing the internet or playing games more than making and receiving calls. Studies suggest that staring at the small hand held screens for a longer duration of time may be a contributing factor to visual fatigue.
Dr Kalpesh Shah says "Most people use their phones four inches closer than normal reading distance and hence it causes problems with the eye sight." Dr Shah adds, "Increasing the font size on the smart phone and holding the device further away (at least 10- 12 inches) will help your eyes to focus better and reduce strain.
Team Medimanage advices tips on preventing vision problem caused due to the extensive use of electronic gadget.
- Perform eye exercises at regular intervals
- Follow the 20- 20 rule i.e. take a break every 20 minutes and focus on the area about 20 feet away for atleast 20 seconds to give your eyes a rest.
- Blink your eyes for atleast 10 times after every 20 minutes of working on a gadget.
- Dr Kalpesh Shah adds "It is important to use the electronic gadgets for a shorter span of time. Washing the eyes frequently with cold water also helps to reduce eye strain." He adds,"Lubricating eye drops are suggested to patients with severe eye strains"
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The modern electronic gadget can be a boon if used in the right manner. It is imperative for every individual using the hi-tech gadgets make sure that the eyes are rested and properly cared for to decrease the risk of vision problems. However, if you experience any vision problems or discomfort, talk to your eye care professional.
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Keep Your Computer From Destroying Your Eyesight
by Roberto Baldwin
Staring at the computer all day is horrible on your eyes. All those brightly colored pixels clashing with the lighting around you is a recipe for eye fatigue and strain.
Adhering to the 20-20-20 rule — looking away from your screen every 20 minutes for 20 seconds and focusing on a fixed point 20 feet away — and blinking more are good places to start. But you can also make a few quick physical adjustments to your monitor and computer settings.
Monitor Position
Your screen should be 20-30 inches away from you and your eyes should be level with the very top of your monitor. If you don't have ability to adjust your screen's height, a stack of hardcover books should do the trick. Or simply raise or lower your chair's position. The key thing here is to be looking down at your work. The center of the screen should be located 15-20 degrees below horizontal eye level.
Text Size and Color
A good rule of thumb: Text should be three times the smallest size you can read from a normal viewing position — which, again, should be 20-30 inches from your monitor. When it comes to color combinations, your eyes prefer black text on a white background or other dark-on-light combinations. Avoid low contrast text/background color schemes.
Display Brightness and Glare
You want your monitor's brightness to match your surrounding workspace brightness. To achieve this, look at the white background of this page. If it looks like a light source in the room, it's too bright. If it seems dull and gray, it's probably too dark. If you work in a shiny reflective office, applying a glare reduction filter to your screen can also provide relief.
Color Temperature
The easiest way to optimize your monitor's color temperature is to use F.lux. This free app uses your location to automatically adjust your display to pre-determined color temperatures that match your lighting environment based on whether the sun is up or down.
To set those color temperatures, the application's light adjustment slider uses degrees of Kelvin. The Kelvin color temperature scale is based on the color of a black body radiator as it heats up. A black radiator at 2700k degrees glows at the same color (an orangish-red hue) as a tungsten light. As the temperature rises, the radiator takes on the blueish hue of a sunny day (5700k).
A good way to see color temperature at work is to look into homes at night (but don't be a creeper). Most homes use tungsten lighting which creates a warm, orange-red color. From the outside, you can see the color. Inside, your eyes adjust to the color temperature and the warm tungsten light is less noticeable. What is noticeable is the bluish glow of your computer screen against the warm color, and this is one of the major sources of eye fatigue. That's where f.lux comes in.
During the daylight hours, f.lux keeps your monitor relatively cool with a default color temperature of 6500K. Your brain tends to associate blue light with daylight. At night, f.lux dials down the color temperature to a warmer, more yellow glow (3400K). You can also choose from presets (Candle, Tungsten, Halogen, Fluorescent, and Daylight) or adjust the settings to another specific preference. In general, the yellower the light, the less straining it is on your eyes (Gunnar Optiks knows this, of course).
The best way to set f.lux is to adjust it in the environment you usually work in during the day and night. First, bring up a blank white text screen and adjust the color temperature of your display by trying to match the color of a white wall in the room. Once they match in both lighting environments, you're on your way to much happier eyes.
http://www.wired.com/
Images Copyrights: dom.a42.ru
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Edible Forest Gardens
About Forest Gardening
Let's explore the edible forest gardening idea in some detail. The forest gardening vision leads us to explore forest ecology. Forest ecology is the basis for effective design and practice. This synopsis not only explains the fundamentals of forest gardening, but its structure parallels the contents of the two-volume book Edible Forest Gardens by Dave Jacke with Eric Toensmeier.
VISION
Picture yourself in a forest where almost everything around you is food. Mature and maturing fruit and nut trees form an open canopy. If you look carefully, you can see fruits swelling on many branches—pears, apples, persimmons, pecans, and chestnuts. Shrubs fill the gaps in the canopy. They bear raspberries, blueberries, currants, hazelnuts, and other lesser-known fruits, flowers, and nuts at different times of the year. Assorted native wildflowers, wild edibles, herbs, and perennial vegetables thickly cover the ground. You use many of these plants for food or medicine. Some attract beneficial insects, birds, and butterflies. Others act as soil builders, or simply help keep out weeds. Here and there vines climb on trees, shrubs, or arbors with fruit hanging through the foliage—hardy kiwis, grapes, and passionflower fruits. In sunnier glades large stands of Jerusalem artichokes grow together with groundnut vines. These plants support one another as they store energy in their roots for later harvest and winter storage. Their bright yellow and deep violet flowers enjoy the radiant warmth from the sky. This is an edible forest garden.
What is Edible Forest Gardening?
Edible forest gardening is the art and science of putting plants together in woodlandlike patterns that forge mutually beneficial relationships, creating a garden ecosystem that is more than the sum of its parts. You can grow fruits, nuts, vegetables, herbs, mushrooms, other useful plants, and animals in a way that mimics natural ecosystems. You can create a beautiful, diverse, high-yield garden. If designed with care and deep understanding of ecosystem function, you can also design a garden that is largely self-maintaining. In many of the world's temperate-climate regions, your garden would soon start reverting to forest if you were to stop managing it. We humans work hard to hold back succession—mowing, weeding, plowing, and spraying. If the successional process were the wind, we would be constantly motoring against it. Why not put up a sail and glide along with the land's natural tendency to grow trees? By mimicking the structure and function of forest ecosystems we can gain a number of benefits.
Why Grow an Edible Forest Garden?
While each forest gardener will have unique design goals, forest gardening in general has three primary practical intentions:
- High yields of diverse products such as food, fuel, fiber, fodder, fertilizer, 'farmaceuticals' and fun;
- A largely self-maintaining garden and;
- A healthy ecosystem.
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These three goals are mutually reinforcing. For example, diverse crops make it easier to design a healthy, self-maintaining ecosystem, and a healthy garden ecosystem should have reduced maintenance requirements. However, forest gardening also has higher aims.
As Masanobu Fukuoka once said, "The ultimate goal of farming is not the growing of crops, but the cultivation and perfection of human beings." How we garden reflects our worldview. The ultimate goal of forest gardening is not only the growing of crops, but the cultivation and perfection of new ways of seeing, of thinking, and of acting in the world. Forest gardening gives us a visceral experience of ecology in action, teaching us how the planet works and changing our self-perceptions. Forest gardening helps us take our rightful place as part of nature doing nature's work, rather than as separate entities intervening in and dominating the natural world.
Where Can You Grow an Edible Forest Garden?
Anyone with a patch of land can grow a forest garden. They've been created in small urban yards and large parks, on suburban lots, and in small plots of rural farms. The smallest we have seen was a 30 by 50 foot (9 by 15 m) embankment behind an urban housing project, and smaller versions are definitely possible. The largest we have seen spanned 2 acres in a rural research garden. Forest gardeners are doing their thing at 7,000 feet (2,100 m) of elevation in the Rocky Mountains, on the coastal plain of the mid-Atlantic, and in chilly New Hampshire and Vermont. Forest gardening has a long history in the tropics, where there is evidence of the practice extending over 1,500 years. While you can grow a forest garden in almost any climate, it is easiest if you do it in a regions where the native vegetation is forest, especially deciduous forest.
Edible forest gardening is not necessarily gardening in the forest, it is gardening like the forest. You don't need to have an existing woodland if you want to forest garden, though you can certainly work with one. Forest gardeners use the forest as a design metaphor, a model of structure and function, while adapting the design to focus on meeting human needs in a small space. While you can forest garden if you have a shady site, it is best if your garden site has good sun if you want the highest yields of fruits, nuts, berries, and most other products. Edible forest gardening is about expanding the horizons of our food gardening across the full range of the successional sequence, from field to forest, and everything in between.
ECOLOGY
Edible forest gardens mimic the structure and function of forest ecosystems—this is how we create the high, diverse yields, self-maintenance, and healthy ecosystem we seek for our garden. It is therefore critical to understand forest ecology and its implications for design. Four aspects of forest ecology are key: community architecture, ecosystem social structure, the structures of the underground economy, and how the community changes through time, also known as succession. Brief discussions of each of these aspects and examples of their influence on garden design and management follow.
Architecture
Contrary to the prevailing wisdom on forest gardening, vegetation layers are only one of the architectural features important in forest garden design. Soil horizon structure, vegetation patterning, vegetation density, and community diversity are also critical. All five of these elements of community architecture influence yields, plant health, pest and disease dynamics, maintenance requirements, and overall community character. For example, scientific research indicates that structural diversity in forest vegetation, what we call "lumpy texture," appears to increase bird and insect population diversity and to balance insect pest populations—independent of plant species diversity. Learning how and why plants pattern themselves in nature and about the effects of the diverse kinds of diversity on ecosystem function can add great richness to the tool box of the forest gardener.
Social Structure
The unique inherent needs, yields, physical characteristics, behaviors, and adaptive strategies of an organism govern its interactions with its neighbors and its nonliving environment. They also determine the roles each organism plays within its community. The food web is one key community structure that arises from each species' characteristics. Organisms also form various kinds of "guilds" that partition resources to minimize competition or create networks of mutual support.
When we design a forest garden, we select plants and animals that will create a food web and guild structure, whether we know it or not. It behooves us to design these structures consciously so we can maximize our chances of creating a healthy, self-maintaining, high-yield garden. For example, the vast majority of solar energy captured by natural forest food webs ends up going to rot. We can capture some of this energy for our own use by growing edible and medicinal mushrooms, most of which prefer shady conditions. We can design resource-partitioning guilds by including plants with different light tolerances in different vegetation layers, for instance, or mixing taprooted trees such as pecans and other hickories with shallow-rooted species such as apples or pears. We can build mutual-support guilds by ensuring that pollinators and insect predators have nectar sources throughout the growing season. Insights into the guild structure of ecosystems provides clear direction for design as well as research into many aspects of agroecology.
The Underground Economy
The workings of nature's "underground economy" are a mystery, but the dynamics of this ecosystem are fundamental to the workings of all terrestrial communities. What is the anatomy of self-renewing soil fertility? How do plant roots interact with each other and their environment? What roles do microbes and other soil organisms play in our forest gardens, and how should we interact with them?
Plants are critical components of the structure that creates self-renewing fertility in natural ecosystems. They plug the primary nutrient leaks from the soil and energize a networked system of plants, soil organic matter, soil organisms, and soil particles that gathers, concentrates, and cycles nutrients conservatively. Maintaining perennial plant cover greatly aids this process. In addition "dynamic accumulator" plants like comfrey (Symphytum officinale) selectively accumulate mineral nutrients to high levels in their leaf tissues, adding them to the topsoil each fall. As we enter the post-oil age, our understanding of the anatomy of self-renewing fertility will become more and more critical to our success in temperate climates.
Understanding the dynamics of woody and herbaceous plant roots is critical to learning how to design and manage forest gardens. In what patterns do plant roots grow, why, and when? While the majority of tree roots grow in the top two to three feet of soil, it turns out that fruit trees that can get even a small percentage of their roots deep into the soil profile produce more fruit more consistently, resist pests and diseases more effectively, and live longer than those that have only shallow root systems. Good pre-planting site preparation is therefore a highly worthwhile endeavor. Root system understanding provides a solid foundation for plant species selection and polyculture design.
Soil organisms perform numerous critical functions in forest and garden ecosystems, and we can easily disrupt these allies and their work with unthinking actions. Luckily, basic forest gardening principles like using mulch and leaving the soil undisturbed provide just the kind of benign neglect our tiny friends need. However, good soil preparation can make all the difference, as well. For example, compacted or poorly drained soils can severely hamper the development of healthy soil food webs, and hence healthy forest gardens. Understanding the soil food web also provides insight into how to manage for healthy mycorrhizal fungi populations and how to ensure that nitrogen-fixing plants actually do their soil-building work.
Succession
Ecosystems are dynamic, and ever-changing. Plant succession used to be thought of as the directional change of a community over time from "immature" stages toward a "mature" "climax" community typical of a given region and environment, such as a field changing to shrubland and then to, say, oak-hickory forest. However, new models of succession have arisen in recent years that articulate the complex reality of plant community change over time without so blatantly projecting human cultural constructs upon natural phenomena. Plant succession is nonlinear and occurs patch by patch within the ecosystem, and rarely do ecosystems ever attain a climax or equilibrium state. Disturbances of various kinds are a natural part of every successional process—windstorms, fires, insect attacks, and human intervention. Nonetheless, linear succession to a "horizon" is a valid model to use when designing forest garden successions, as are various other permutations that mimic garden crop rotations or represent an ever-changing dance responding to the forces, needs, and whims of the moment.
While the practical applications of these new successional theories are of necessity somewhat vague, we do know that the most productive stages of succession are those in the middle—such as shrublands, oldfield mosaics, and woodlands—not necessarily full-fledged forests. In addition, most of our developed tree crops are species adapted to such midsuccession environments. Our highest yielding forest gardens are therefore most likely to contain, not the dense tree canopies of late succession forests, but lush mixtures of trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs all occupying the same space in patches of varying density and character. Succession theory also teaches us many different approaches to directing ecological succession in our gardens.
DESIGN
At its simplest, forest garden design involves choosing what plants to place in your garden in which locations, at which times. However, these seemingly simple acts must generate the forest-like structures and functions we seek, and they must also achieve your design goals. A forest garden design process, then, must be information intensive if it is to achieve even moderately complex objectives. Therefore, begin by articulating your goals and assessing your garden site. Then you can select and apply design patterns, ecological principles, and plants in such a way that you integrate your goals and the site into a coherent whole. The challenge is to array the available design elements to create a set of ecosystem dynamics that will in turn yield the desired conditions of high yields, maximal self-maintenance, and maximum ecological health as inherent by-products of the ecosystem. You can use design patterns drawn from natural ecosystem examples or invent your own patterns that solve specific problems your design faces to help you do this. Patterns also arise from the requirements of the goals themselves and from a deep understanding of the site's characteristics. The goals guide the site analysis and assessment, and the site assessment discovers the design.
We recommend designing on paper, at least initially, so you can make as many mistakes as possible there, and correct them before putting anything into the ground. On-site design techniques can also work well, especially for those who prefer to avoid the mapping process. Careful design of plant spacing is a critical piece of the puzzle, in any case. Planting too closely together is the most frequent mistake that forest gardeners around the world have made. We hope that a more robust and explicit design process will help us all avoid such common mistakes and make some newer mistakes that are more interesting so we can learn from the experience.
PRACTICE
Good site preparation is a critical precursor to planting your forest garden. Your site analysis and assessment should help you understand your site's limitations so that you can decide whether or how to alter the site, or how to adapt to the conditions present. Soil compaction, for example, is exceedingly common in most urban, suburban, and even rural sites, and it can severely restrict root growth, water movement in the soil, and the health of soil organism communities. Double-digging, chisel plowing, radial trenching, and other techniques can help you deal with severe compaction, while the simple act of mulching the soil and planting deep-rooted perennials will eventually address slight compaction. Other common site preparation challenges include poor soil texture, shallow soil depth, road salt, and persistent weeds.
Proper stock selection, planting, and mulching techniques can also have major long-term effects on plant vigor and productivity. Many woody planting specimens have been transplanted multiple times, and these can have kinked, circling, or damaged roots that will result in plant stress and even an untimely death. Carefully examine your specimens before you buy to ensure a quality root system, or purchase bare root stock so you can see the whole root system before planting. In fine-textured soils, the edges of the planting hole often become smeared to a smooth, impenetrable surface as a natural part of the digging process. This can severely restrict root growth and cause water to pool in the planting hole. Breaking up the edges of the hole with a spading fork allows roots and water into the surrounding soil. This needs to become a common planting practice, as do proper planting depth, proper mulch depth, and effective sheet mulching techniques.
Once the garden is in the ground, the longest and most satisfying phase of forest gardening begins: management, harvest, and coevolution. Potentially the hardest part of this phase is learning to do less and let the system take care of itself, as well as knowing when to intervene and how. These questions are, however, part of the process of shifting from a paradigm of command and control to one of cocreative participation as part of a natural system. As we observe ourselves and our gardens through the dance of the seasons, we will learn the most effective ways of guiding the garden ecosystem's evolution, we will select and breed ever more delectable crops for all the niches of the garden ecosystem, and we will begin to realize the full potential of forest gardening as a tool for cultural and personal evolution, not to mention cultural and personal survival in a post oil world. Welcome to the adventure!
Good information on plant, animal, and mushroom species and their ecological characteristics is essential for good forest garden design. You'll need data on the plant's size, form, and habit, its rooting patterns, hardiness and other tolerances and preferences, as well as its native habitat, human uses and ecological functions. Information that helps you design habitat for beneficial wildlife such as insects, frogs, toads, salamanders, and birds is also crucial. Ideally, this information will come in a variety of formats and levels of detail that relate to different parts of the design process. The appendices of Edible Forest Gardens provides this kind of information on over 600 useful plant species and a plethora of beneficial wildlife for your designing and gardening pleasure.
http://www.edibleforestgardens.com/
Images Copyright: www.earth-ways.co.uk
Nine Layers of the Edible Forest Garden
Food Forests have been around for thousands of years in tropical and sub-tropical climates. In fact, there is a Food Forest currently still producing food in Morocco that was established 2,000 years ago! The concept of food forestry was almost lost to the annals of history when Robert Hart decided to adapt this design to his temperate climate in the UK in the 1960′s. The idea of a Forest Garden was brought to the public's awareness when Robert wrote a book documenting his grand experiment. Bill Mollison, the co-founder of Permaculture, visited Robert's site in 1990, and he quickly adopted this design element into his teachings and work. Initially, when Robert Hart described the layers of the Forest Garden, I believe he did so based on what he had and what he studied. Since then, Robert Hart's categorization of the layers of the Forest Garden has stood unquestioned.
Until now.
I am not actually arguing about the existing layers. My issue is that there are certain layers that have been ignored or overlooked. My goal is to resolve this discrepancy today. As you can see in my illustration above, I believe that there are 9 layers in a Forest Garden. The first 7 are identical to Robert Hart's initial design. The missing layers are the Aquatic or Wetland Layer and the Mycelial or Fungus Layer.
Here are my Nine Layers of the Edible Forest Garden:
- Canopy/Tall Tree Layer
- Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer
- Shrub Layer
- Herbaceous Layer
- Groundcover/Creeper Layer
- Underground Layer
- Vertical/Climber Layer
- Aquatic/Wetland Layer
- Mycelial/Fungal Layer
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1. Canopy or Tall Tree Layer
Typically over 30 feet (~9 meters) high. This layer is for larger Forest Gardens. Timber trees, large nut trees, and nitrogen-fixing trees are the typical trees in this category. There are a number of larger fruiting trees that can be used here as well depending on the species, varieties, and rootstocks used.
2. Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer
Typically 10-30 feet (3-9 meters) high. In most Forest Gardens, or at least those with limited space, these plants often make up the acting Canopy layer. The majority of fruit trees fall into this layer.
3. Shrub Layer
Typically up to 10 feet (3 meters) high. The majority of fruiting bushes fall into this layer. Includes many nut, flowering, medicinal, and other beneficial plants as well.
4. Herbaceous Layer
Plants in this layer die back to the ground every winter… if winters are cold enough, that is. They do not produce woody stems as the Shrub layer does. Many cullinary and medicinal herbs are in this layer. A large variety of other beneficial plants fall into this layer.
5. Groundcover/Creeper Layer
There is some overlap with the Herbaceous layer and the Groundcover layer; however plants in this layer are often shade tolerant, grow much closer to the ground, grow densely to fill bare patches of soil, and often can tolerate some foot traffic
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6. Underground Layer
These are root crops. There are an amazing variety of edible roots that most people have never heard of. Many of these plants can be utilized in the Herbaceous Layer, the Vining/Climbing Layer, and the Groundcover/Creeper Layer.
7. Vertical/Climber Layer
These vining and climbing plants span multiple layers depending on how they are trained or what they climb all on their own. They are a great way to add more productivity to a small space, but be warned. Trying to pick grapes that have climbed up a 60 foot Walnut Tree can be interesting to say the least.
8. Aquatic/Wetland Layer
This is my first new layer to the Forest Garden. Some will say that a forest doesn't grow in the water, so this layer is inappropriate for the Forest Garden. I disagree. Many forests have streams flowing through or ponds in the center. There are a whole host of plants that thrive in wetlands or at the water's edge. There are many plants that grow only in water. To ignore this large list of plants is to leave out many useful species that provide food, fiber, medicinals, animal feed, wildlife food and habitat, compost, biomass, and maybe most important, water filtration through bioremediation (or phytoremediation). We are intentionally designing Forest Gardens which incorporate water features, and it is time we add the Aquatic/Wetland Layer to the lexicon.
9. Mycelial/Fungal Layer
This is my second new layer to the Forest Garden. Fungal networks live in healthy soils. They will live on, and even within, the roots of plants in the Forest Garden. This underground fungal network transports nutrients and moisture from one area of the forest to another depending on the needs of the plants. It is an amazing system which we are only just beginning to comprehend. As more and more research is being conducted on how mycelium help build and maintain forests, it is shocking that this layer has not yet been added to the list. In addition to the vital work this layer contributes to developing and maintaining the forest, it will even provide mushrooms from time to time that we can utilize for food and medicine. If we are more proactive, we can cultivate this layer intentionally and dramatically increase our harvest.
UPDATE: I have received numerous comments and questions about this layer. I wrote a more detailed description and defense of this layer here.
So this is my proposal to the Permaculture world. Let's consider all nine layers when designing our Forest Gardens.
http://tcpermaculture.com/
Image Copyright: www.greenprophet.com
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Edible Forest Gardening - Garden Mound
Home Green Home: Ecofriendly Materials and Resources Abound for House Renovations
There has never been a better time to renovate green, given the abundance of Earth-friendly building material choices as well as contractors well-versed in energy- and resource-efficiency. Many homeowners don't realize that they can save money in the long run, despite the up front costs, by choosing materials and strategies that will lower utility bills and reduce maintenance and replacement costs moving forward.
For starters, look for building materials that contain post-consumer or post-industrial recycled content that can be easily recycled later. Also, make sure the materials are sustainably sourced—such as wood certified as sustainably harvested by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). And try to minimize the distance any building materials need to travel to help reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions.
In areas of the renovation that are not a complete tear-down and re-build, tighten things up by plugging holes, patching or replacing roofing or siding as needed and adding weather-stripping around doors and windows. Also, switch out older single-pane windows with more efficient modern double or triple pane styles. This can pay for itself in energy savings within just a few years while improving comfort. Also replace or add insulation to walls, attics and other spaces to keep heat inside and cold out (and vice-versa). And you can save lots of energy by swapping out old appliances with newer models that qualify for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's EnergyStar label. Such appliances must be 20-30 percent more energy efficient than standard models, and will reduce not only your carbon footprint but also utility bills.
For guidance on how to renovate as sustainably as possible, check out the U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC's) Green Home Guide, a free online resource which bases its recommendations on its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) guidelines for certifying "green" buildings. This site allows users to ask an experienced contractor questions on sustainable materials and techniques or find green home professionals nearby qualified for larger green renovation jobs.
Another valuable resource is the REGREEN website, a joint project of the American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) and the USGBC, which offers case studies for green remodeling projects, interactive tools and basic guidelines written so even do-it-yourselfer can understand. A REGREEN Strategy Generator widget can provide tailored tactics for specific green remodeling projects. "For example, if you enter the parameters 'bathroom' and 'water efficiency', the widget might suggest the installation of faucet aerators and low-water-use showerheads," reports USGBC.
Talking over projects and options with a design professional at a retail green building supply store like Green Depot, with locations in 10 states, can also help homeowners source cutting edge materials that will save energy and money in the long run. Green Building Supply, which offers an extensive free "online learning center," will ship a wide range of green building materials anywhere in the U.S.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/
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REGREEN: More About Green Remodeling
Remodeling an existing house is inherently greener than building a new one.
Americans spend roughly $200 billion a year remodeling their homes. The scope of these projects varies from simply repainting a kitchen to gutting a house down to the studs. What all remodels have in common is that they are upgrading rather than replacing, rebuilding rather than building new. And from an energy resources point of view, remodeling a house, rather than building a brand new one with all new materials on a previously undeveloped site, is a green thing to do.
What makes a remodel green? In a nutshell, it means seeking the same objectives with a remodel as we would in new construction: energy efficiency, resource conservation, and a healthy indoor environment. You get there the same way as new construction: planning and design. Begin with a home energy audit to see where the biggest greening opportunities are, and then look for ways to roll improvements into the scope of future remodeling plans.
Rebuilding green requires looking back while thinking ahead.
In many ways, builders who specialize in new construction have an easier time of it than green remodelers. Integrated design gets everyone on the project thinking about the same goals; building materials can be chosen with care; and all of the features that go into a durable and energy efficient house can be added in their turn.
But in a green remodel, you are starting with an existing building that may be a leaky, energy wasting, toxic dinosaur that requires remediation before you can even start updating or adding on.
You can't start at the beginning
At its core, green building is a systems approach, meaning that the building is considered as a whole, not a sum of individual and unrelated parts. In remodeling an existing building, this is a little more difficult because old and new must somehow be woven together into a functional whole.
Fix what exists
An existing building may have structural or functional problems that must be remedied before a remodel can really get underway. Basic repairs are not really part of the scope of a remodel and yet they must come first. Leaks in the roof, a failing foundation wall or rotten sills must be corrected before anything more rewarding can happen. There's no point in buying the best boiler on the market when it will be under water the next time it rains. Keep in mind how changes effect an existing house's preformance.
Green remodeling is more than adding new things to an older house. It considers how those changes will affect what's there, and it also anticipates problems and takes steps to avoid them.
Remodeling can change the dynamics of how the house functions and lead to problems that weren't there in the first place. For example, an old house might very well have minor water leaks around windows or doors. When the house was drafty, air movement dried everything out. When walls are insulated and sealed, that process stops and mold or decay could result. Or, suppose a new addition abuts the house near a roof valley that already has problems draining. Will the addition make the problem worse? Maybe.
You have to consider the people who live there
Builders working on a new house no doubt see the owners once in a while, but not for a full working day. Every day. Remodelers have to consider how the project is going to affect people who stay in the house during the project. Every interaction between the building crew and the homeowners becomes important. Is the job site cleaned up at the end of the day so homeowners aren't wading through sawdust and construction debris? Are their young children in the house who may wander into danger? Does a thoughtless sub park behind the owner's car when he's trying to leave for work?
Homeowners may move out for the duration of a major project but that, too, raises issues of its own. Their length of stay at a hotel or relative's house has to be figured into the schedule; the consequences of a missed construction deadline might be more serious than they seem. Remodeling can be an emotional as well as financial trial for many homeowners.
http://www.regreenprogram.org/
Image Copyright: www.greenremodeling.org
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Green home remodeling: How to remodel for a green home
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